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  4. Verbena bonariensis

Verbena bonariensis

Roadside weed, Ardmore Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 05/05/2022, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Roadside weed, Kauri Point Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 14/04/2022, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Cultivar ‘meteor shower’ in garden, Christchurch Canterbury.<br>Photographer: Thomas Sigwalt, Date taken: 05/05/2019, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Cultivar ‘meteor shower’ spread over several grave sites, Hillsborough, Auckland.<br>Date taken: 17/11/2021, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Cultivar ‘meteor shower’ spread over several grave sites, Hillsborough, Auckland,.<br>Photographer: Chirs c, Date taken: 17/11/2021, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In Garden bed, Albert Park Ventral Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 15/07/2019, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In Garden bed, Albert Park Ventral Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 15/07/2019, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In Garden bed, Albert Park Ventral Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 19/07/2019, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Leaf base, Albert Park Ventral Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Roadside weed, Ardmore Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 05/05/2022, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Roadside weed, Ardmore Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 05/05/2022, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Roadside weed, Kauri Point Auckland.<br>Photographer: Marley Ford, Date taken: 14/04/2022, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
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Common name

purple-top, purple-top vervain

Synonyms

Verbena bonariensis var. conglomerata Briq.,Verbena intercedens Briq., Verbena inamoena Briq. Bull., Verbena bonariensis var. hispida Moldenke.

Family

Verbenaceae

Authority

Verbena bonariensis L.

Flora category

Vascular – Exotic

Structural class

Herbs - Dicotyledons other than Composites

NVS code

The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.

VERBON

Brief description

Verbena bonariensis is easily recognisable, the long floral tubes are conspicuous, even in the herbarium. Upon seeing the prominent flowers, examine the peduncles and calyx with a lens to confirm the presence of glandularity. The difference in leaf morphology also can be confirmed with a small set of specimens - leaves of V. bonariensis tend to be narrower than in V. incompta. In addition to the distinctions in the key, in V. bonariensis the non-glandular hairs are thinner and the plants apparently are generally shorter in stature and more clearly annual in duration. Described differences in shape and size of the inflorescence do not appear to be consistent, except in the elongation of fruiting spikes. Within each species, South American plants are similar in variability to the North American ones.

Distribution

North Island: South Island: True V. bonariensis is mostly seen as a weedy garden escape in cities such as Auckland and Christchurch.

Introduced in North America, Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands (Mauritius), Pacific Islands, Australia.

Habitat

A seemingly uncommon species in the wild; found naturalising mostly close to gardens and old settlements.

Widely planted for insect food in gardens.

Features

Plants annual, taprooted or with ligneous fibrous roots. Stems erect, 80–150 cm, hirsute to hirsutulous, densely so distally, sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular. Leaves persistent, basal and midstem oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, basally clasping and auriculate, 5–11 cm x 10–20 mm, distal (above midstem) becoming linear-lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, veins impressed adaxially, both surfaces hirsutulous to hirsute-hirsutulous or hirtellous, usually sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular, margins sharply serrate, narrowly revolute; petioles absent. Spikes in 3s, forming compound cymes, the central mostly sessile on peduncles 0(–4) mm, inflorescence aspect corymbiform, comprising relatively compact and distinct clusters and subclusters, central and laterals dense and thick in fruit, 8–30 mm x 4–6 mm; floral bracts narrowly triangular to lanceolate or ovatelanceolate, keeled, 2.1–2.8 mm, 1/2–3/4 as long as the calyces, margins eciliate. Calyces 3–3.5 mm, purplish, hirsutulous to hirsutulous-hirtellous or hirtellous, stipitate-glandular, lobes connivent. Corollas purple to blue-violet or pinkish, tubes 4–6(–7) mm, 1.5–2 mm longer than the calyces, limbs 2–5 mm in diam. Nutlets 1.5–1.9 mm, commissural faces extending to very tip of nutlets, densely papillate to papillate-bullate. 2n = 12, 14, 28.

Similar taxa

Verbena bonariensis is very similar to V. incompta and the two species have long been confused. The flowers differ between these species, V. bonariensis has exserted, broader corollas and the leaves of V. bonariensis tend to be narrower than in V. incompta. In addition to the distinctions in the key, in V. bonariensis the non-glandular hairs are thinner and the plants apparently are generally shorter in stature and more clearly annual in duration.

Flower colours

Violet/Purple

Year naturalised

1871

Origin

Native to South America (southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina).

Attribution

Fact sheet prepared by Marley Ford (5 March 2022). Brief description, Distribution and similar taxa sections are copied from Nesom (2010).

References and further reading

Ford M. (2022). Verbena incompta P.W.Michael: an overlooked name for an old weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany: 1–11. (Published online: 23 May 2022)

Nesom G.L. (2010). Taxonomic notes on Verbena bonariensis (Verbenaceae) and related species in the USA. Phytoneuron 12: 1–16.

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