Gleichenia inclusisora
Common names
tangle fern
Biostatus
Native – Endemic taxon
Category
Vascular
Structural class
Ferns
Simplified description
Tangle fern. Rhizomatous. Fronds umbrella-like, upper surface green, glossy, undersides white (or blue-green). Sori in clusters of three or four, these embedded up to ¾ of their depth in a small pit in the lower frond surface.
Detailed description
Terrestrial fern. Rhizomes long-creeping, 1–3mm diameter, brown, with stipes arising at intervals of 5–90mm (or more), scaly. Rhizome scales sparse to numerous, 0.5–1.2 × 0.5–0.8mm, ovate to orbicular, dark brown to nearly black, margins entire or nearly so, peltate, bullate. Stipes 40–1100 mm long, 1.0-2.5mm diameter, widest distally, proximally dark brown, distally straw-green when young or brown when old, glabrous except for occasional, proximal scales that are like those of the rhizome. Rachis buds 2.0–3.1 × 1.2–2.1 mm, often not producing a rachis so that fronds form a single tier of pinnae, but sometimes 2–4 tiers, with rachis inter-tier lengths of 15–280 mm. Rachis bud scales 1.5–2.5 × 1.0–1.5 mm, ovate, marginate, dark brown with a pale brown or clear margin, ciliate to erose, peltate. Pinnae 50–950+ × 50–300 mm, with 0–6 pseudodichotomous branchings. Pinna buds similar to rachis buds but generally smaller. Distal costae (nerves) appearing tetragonal or nearly so on the adaxial surface, with lateral ridges. Proximal costae glabrescent, straw-green when young, brown when old. Gamma costae 10–40mm long, with 0–4 pairs of ultimate leaflets; indument similar to beta costae but sparser. Beta costae 25–135mm long, with 5–26 pairs of ultimate leaflets and a terminal ultimate leaflet 10–44 mm long; adaxially with long-ciliate, reduced scales that are abundant and orange-brown when young or sparse and white when old; abaxially with a mixture of scales like those on the pinna buds and ultimate segments, glabrescent. Longest ultimate leaflets 18–59mm long, with 15–47 pairs of ultimate segments. Alpha costae adaxially glabrous (or with occasional reduced scales like those of the beta costae when young), abaxially with scales like those of the ultimate segments. Ultimate segments 0.7–1.4 × 0.9–1.4 mm, adaxially green and glabrous, abaxially white (sometimes glaucous) and abundantly (when young) to sparsely scaly, abaxial surface flat to recurved 90° but lateral margins at most only slightly raised (not pouched), apices rounded and revolute. Scales on abaxial surface of ultimate segments 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.6 mm, orbicular to ovate, with dark brown centre and pale brown margins, long-ciliate, peltate, bullate; similar but larger (to 1.0 mm long), ovate scales covering young ultimate leaflets. Sori 0.4–0.5 mm diameter, each comprising three pale yellow sporangia embedded to c. ¾ of their depth in a pit within the abaxial surface of the lamina; one sorus per ultimate segment, in the proximal acroscopic corner. Spores trilete, yellow.
Similar taxa
Gleichenia inclusisora is distinguished from the other three New Zealand species of Gleichenia (G. alpina, G. dicarpa and G. microphylla) by the sori which are embedded rather than flush or proud from the lamina; by the bicolorous, orbicular to ovate, peltate scales on the abaxial surfaces of the ultimate segments; by the glabrous stipes; glabrous proximal costae (nerves); by the ultimate segments which are unpouched and abaxially white; and by pinnae that divide pseudodichotomously several times. Of the other three New Zealand species it most often grows with G. dicarpa from which G. inclusisora can be visually recognised in the field by the shinier upper frond surface, which contrasts strongly with the usually duller G. dicarpa upper frond surface.
Distribution
Endemic. New Zealand: North and South Islands from Te Moehau to Westland but often absent from large parts of this range.
Habitat
Lowland to montane (850 m on Te Moehau). Inhabiting pakihi (wet, infertile heaths) and open shrubland/treeland. Gleichenia inclusisora has been recorded growing with G. alpina and G. microphylla, but it is most commonly associated with G. dicarpa.
Current conservation status
The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.
Please note, threat classifications are often suggested by authors when publications fall between NZTCS assessment periods – these interim threat classification statuses has not been assessed by the NZTCS panel.
- Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
2023 | Not Threatened | Qualifiers: DPR
Threats
Gleichenia inclusisora is known from at least 17 sites collectively occupying an area of >300 square kilometres. As Gleichenia inclusisora was a chance discovery (Perrie et al. 2012), the naming authors note that it is likely to be found elsewhere in New Zealand (especially now that it has been formally described). Perrie et al. (2012) using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2007) recommended a conservation status of “At Risk – Naturaly Uncommon” with a qualifier of “RR” [Range Restricted]. This assessment was accepted by the New Zealand Indigenous Vascular Plant Threat Listing Panel (de Lange et al. 2013).
Detailed taxonomy
Family
Gleicheniaceae
Synonyms
None (first described in 2012)
Endemic taxon
Yes
Endemic genus
No
Endemic family
No
Ecology
Propagation technique
Unknown. Probably best left alone.
Other information
Etymology
gleichenia: After the German naturalist and plant physiologist Wilhelm Friedrich (Baron) von Gleichen (1717-1783)
inclusisora: Inclusus - Latin, meaning enclosed, and here referring to the sori of G. inclusisora being embedded within the lamina
NVS code
The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.
GLEINC
Previous conservation statuses
2017 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: DP, RR
2012 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: DP, RR
Referencing and citations
References and further reading
de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Champion PD, Courtney SP, Heenan PB, Barkla JW, Cameron EK, Norton DA, Hitchmough RA. 2013. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ. 70 p. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs3entire.pdf
Perrie LR, Shephard LD, Brownsey PJ. 2012. Gleichenia inclusisora, a new and uncommon tangle fern from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 50(4): 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2012.724015.
Townsend AJ, de Lange PJ, Norton DA, Molloy J, Miskelly C, Duffy C. 2008. New Zealand Threat Classification manual. Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ. 35 p. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sap244.pdf
Attribution
Fact Sheet Prepared for NZPCN by P.J. de Lange (4 January 2013). Description from Perrie et al. (2012).
NZPCN Fact Sheet citation
Please cite as: de Lange, P.J. (Year at time of access): Gleichenia inclusisora Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/gleichenia-inclusisora/ (Date website was queried)