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  1. Home
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  4. Pittosporum virgatum

Pittosporum virgatum

Whangaroa Harbour, November 1992.<br>Photographer: Gillian M. Crowcroft, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Pittosporum virgatum showing an adult tree, Te Moehau.<br>Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Close up of flowers, Kennedy Bay (October).<br>Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Close up of flowers, Kennedy Bay.<br>Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Pittosporum virgatum close up of flowers.<br>Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Whangaroa Harbour, November 1992.<br>Photographer: Gillian M. Crowcroft, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
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Biostatus

Native – Endemic taxon

Category

Vascular

Structural class

Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons

Simplified description

Slender small tree with whorls of branches and variably shaped leaves that are covered in rusty fuzz when young inhabiting inhabiting the northern North Island. Flowers pink to purple. Leaves wavy, edge smooth or often lobed. Capsule splitting into two to show the black sticky seeds.

Flower colours

Red/Pink, Violet/Purple

Detailed description

Slender gynodioecious trees up to 8 m tall. Growth form initially narrowly columnar, becomign more spreading with age. Trunks slender grey brown, branches in distinct whorls in old specimens confined to the upper portion of the tree, bark brown, branchlets slender, pliant, brown at first covered with appressed rust-brown tomentum, soon glabrate. Petioles 1–7 × 0.5–1 mm, hairy. Leaves crowded toward branchlet ends, alternate; juvenile or lower leaves 10–40 × 1–7 mm, dark green or yellow-green, linear, entire or variously lobed, sometimes pinnate, both surfaces initially covered in rust-brown tomentum, soon glabrate; intermediate leaves 13–55 × 9–30 mm, lanceolate, narrowly linear, oblong or obovate, usually lobed or deeply divided both surfaces covered in rust-brown indumentum, soon glabrate; adult leaves 18–70 × 4–30 mm, oblong, oblanceolate, sometimes linear or linear-lanceolate, elliptic oblong, entire or sinuate, often lobed; margins flat to undulate. Flowers in 1–6-flowered, terminal fascicles, or solitary. Pedciels 5–9 mm, accrescent in fruit, covered in rust-brown indumentum, subtended by an approximate whorl of leaves, and 1–3 rust-tomentose caducous scales. Sepals 3.5–6.5 × 1–2.5 mm, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, rusty-brown tomentose. Petals 6–13 × 2–3 mm, linear-oblanceolate to linear-oblong, acute, fused in a tube for half of length, tips reflexed, dark red, purple, pink, white or golden yellow. Stamens 4–7 mm, anthers sagittiform or oblong-ovate, ovary 2–4 × 1–2.5 mm, rusty-brown tomentose; style 1–5 mm, stigma capitate and obscurely 2–4-lobed. Capsules 11–16 × 10–13 mm, 2–(3)-valved, subglobose to subpyriform, apiculate, coriaceous. Mucilage bright yellow to orange-yellow. Seeds 1–16, dull black of irregular shape.

Similar taxa

The combination of the narrowly columnar to openly virgate growth form, widely spaced whorls of slender branches, extremely variable juvenile, intermediate and adult foliage types (often present on the one mature tree), and rusty-brown tomentose branchlets, leaves, and capsules are unique to this species. It could not be confused with any other.

Distribution

Endemic. New Zealand: North Island (from the Mangamuka and Herekino Ranges south and east to Great Barrier Island (Aotea Island) and the Coromandel Peninsula. Reaching its southern limit at about the Kauaerange Valley (there are unconfirmed reports of its occurring slightly further south of there).

Habitat

Usually associated with kauri (Agathis australis) forest, often on ridge lines, slips scars or in secondary regrowth within cut over kauri forest. Outside this forest type it is occasionally found in association with tanekaha (Phyllocladus trichomanoides), towai (Pterophylla sylvicola) or kamahi (Pterophylla racemosa). In all situations it prefers relatively open vegetation, where it typically forms apparently evenly-aged cohorts.

Current conservation status

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2023 | Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable | Qualifiers: Sp, DPS, DPT, PD

Jump to previous conservation statuses

Threats

Aside from Great Barrier Island (Aotea Island) where Pittosporum virgatum is abundant, it appears to have always been a sporadically occurring local species of northern kauri-dominated forests. While its current distribution suggests that it is is biologically sparse, it is vulnerable to possum browsing and some populations were probably lost or reduced by kauri logging. Recent observations in some parts of Northland that had been regarded as the mainland stronghold suggest that this species is now seriously threatened. The conservation status of Pittosporum virgatum was assessed as ‘Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable’ in 2017 (de Lange et al. 2018).

Detailed taxonomy

Genus

Pittosporum

Family

Pittosporaceae

Authority

Pittosporum virgatum Kirk

Synonyms

Pittosporum virgatum Kirk var. virgatum, Pittosporum matthewsii Petrie, Pittosporum virgatum var. matthewsii (Petrie) Allan, Pittosporum virgatum var. crataegifolia Kirk, Pittosporum virgatum var. serratum Kirk, Pittosporum virgatum var. sinuatum Kirk

Endemic taxon

Yes

Endemic genus

No

Endemic family

No

Ecology

Flowering

September–November

Fruiting

July–August (may be present all year round)

Propagation technique

Easily grown from fresh seed which takes between 6 and 12 months to germinate. Can be struck from semi-hardwood cuttings. A beautiful species that is ideal as a specimen tree.

Other information

Etymology

pittosporum: Pitch seed

NVS code

The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.

PITVIR

Chromosome number

2n = 24

Previous conservation statuses

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2017 | Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable | Qualifiers: PD, Sp

2012 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: Sp

2009 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon

2004 | Sparse

Jump to current conservation status

Regional conservation statuses

Auckland: 2025 | Regionally Threatened – Regionally Vulnerable | Qualifiers: CD, DPS, DPT, NStr, PF, TL

The regional threat classification system leverages off the national assessments in the NZTCS, providing information relevant for the regional context. Auckland conservation status information is sourced from the “Conservation status of vascular plant species in Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland” Simpkins E et al. (2025) report.

Referencing and citations

References and further reading

Cameron M. 1944. On the trail of Pittosporum virgatum. Wellington Botanical Society Bulletin 8: 1–2.

Cooper RC. 1956. The Australian and New Zealand species of Pittosporum. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 43: 87–188. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394673.

de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Barkla JW, Courtney SP, Champion PD, Perrie LR, Beadel SM, Ford KA, Breitwieser I, Schönberger I, Hindmarsh-Walls R, Heenan PB, Ladley K. 2018. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 22. Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ. 82 p. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs22entire.pdf.

Attribution

Fact sheet prepared for NZPCN by P.J. de Lange 30 August 2006. Description adapted from Cooper (1956).

NZPCN Fact Sheet citation

Please cite as: de Lange, P.J. (Year at time of access): Pittosporum virgatum Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/pittosporum-virgatum/ (Date website was queried)

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