Pittosporum virgatum
Biostatus
Native – Endemic taxon
Category
Vascular
Structural class
Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons
Simplified description
Slender small tree with whorls of branches and variably shaped leaves that are covered in rusty fuzz when young inhabiting inhabiting the northern North Island. Flowers pink to purple. Leaves wavy, edge smooth or often lobed. Capsule splitting into two to show the black sticky seeds.
Flower colours
Red/Pink, Violet/Purple
Detailed description
Slender gynodioecious trees up to 8 m tall. Growth form initially narrowly columnar, becomign more spreading with age. Trunks slender grey brown, branches in distinct whorls in old specimens confined to the upper portion of the tree, bark brown, branchlets slender, pliant, brown at first covered with appressed rust-brown tomentum, soon glabrate. Petioles 1–7 × 0.5–1 mm, hairy. Leaves crowded toward branchlet ends, alternate; juvenile or lower leaves 10–40 × 1–7 mm, dark green or yellow-green, linear, entire or variously lobed, sometimes pinnate, both surfaces initially covered in rust-brown tomentum, soon glabrate; intermediate leaves 13–55 × 9–30 mm, lanceolate, narrowly linear, oblong or obovate, usually lobed or deeply divided both surfaces covered in rust-brown indumentum, soon glabrate; adult leaves 18–70 × 4–30 mm, oblong, oblanceolate, sometimes linear or linear-lanceolate, elliptic oblong, entire or sinuate, often lobed; margins flat to undulate. Flowers in 1–6-flowered, terminal fascicles, or solitary. Pedciels 5–9 mm, accrescent in fruit, covered in rust-brown indumentum, subtended by an approximate whorl of leaves, and 1–3 rust-tomentose caducous scales. Sepals 3.5–6.5 × 1–2.5 mm, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, rusty-brown tomentose. Petals 6–13 × 2–3 mm, linear-oblanceolate to linear-oblong, acute, fused in a tube for half of length, tips reflexed, dark red, purple, pink, white or golden yellow. Stamens 4–7 mm, anthers sagittiform or oblong-ovate, ovary 2–4 × 1–2.5 mm, rusty-brown tomentose; style 1–5 mm, stigma capitate and obscurely 2–4-lobed. Capsules 11–16 × 10–13 mm, 2–(3)-valved, subglobose to subpyriform, apiculate, coriaceous. Mucilage bright yellow to orange-yellow. Seeds 1–16, dull black of irregular shape.
Similar taxa
The combination of the narrowly columnar to openly virgate growth form, widely spaced whorls of slender branches, extremely variable juvenile, intermediate and adult foliage types (often present on the one mature tree), and rusty-brown tomentose branchlets, leaves, and capsules are unique to this species. It could not be confused with any other.
Distribution
Endemic. New Zealand: North Island (from the Mangamuka and Herekino Ranges south and east to Great Barrier Island (Aotea Island) and the Coromandel Peninsula. Reaching its southern limit at about the Kauaerange Valley (there are unconfirmed reports of its occurring slightly further south of there).
Habitat
Usually associated with kauri (Agathis australis) forest, often on ridge lines, slips scars or in secondary regrowth within cut over kauri forest. Outside this forest type it is occasionally found in association with tanekaha (Phyllocladus trichomanoides), towai (Pterophylla sylvicola) or kamahi (Pterophylla racemosa). In all situations it prefers relatively open vegetation, where it typically forms apparently evenly-aged cohorts.
Current conservation status
The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.
Please note, threat classifications are often suggested by authors when publications fall between NZTCS assessment periods – these interim threat classification statuses has not been assessed by the NZTCS panel.
- Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
2023 | Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable | Qualifiers: Sp, DPS, DPT, PD
Threats
Aside from Great Barrier Island (Aotea Island) where Pittosporum virgatum is abundant, it appears to have always been a sporadically occurring local species of northern kauri-dominated forests. While its current distribution suggests that it is is biologically sparse, it is vulnerable to possum browsing and some populations were probably lost or reduced by kauri logging. Recent observations in some parts of Northland that had been regarded as the mainland stronghold suggest that this species is now seriously threatened. The conservation status of Pittosporum virgatum was assessed as ‘Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable’ in 2017 (de Lange et al. 2018).
Detailed taxonomy
Family
Pittosporaceae
Synonyms
Pittosporum virgatum Kirk var. virgatum, Pittosporum matthewsii Petrie, Pittosporum virgatum var. matthewsii (Petrie) Allan, Pittosporum virgatum var. crataegifolia Kirk, Pittosporum virgatum var. serratum Kirk, Pittosporum virgatum var. sinuatum Kirk
Endemic taxon
Yes
Endemic genus
No
Endemic family
No
Ecology
Flowering
September–November
Fruiting
July–August (may be present all year round)
Propagation technique
Easily grown from fresh seed which takes between 6 and 12 months to germinate. Can be struck from semi-hardwood cuttings. A beautiful species that is ideal as a specimen tree.
Other information
Etymology
pittosporum: Pitch seed
NVS code
The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.
PITVIR
Chromosome number
2n = 24
Previous conservation statuses
2017 | Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable | Qualifiers: PD, Sp
2012 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: Sp
2009 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon
2004 | Sparse
Referencing and citations
References and further reading
Cameron M. 1944. On the trail of Pittosporum virgatum. Wellington Botanical Society Bulletin 8: 1–2.
Cooper RC. 1956. The Australian and New Zealand species of Pittosporum. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 43: 87–188. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394673.
de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Barkla JW, Courtney SP, Champion PD, Perrie LR, Beadel SM, Ford KA, Breitwieser I, Schönberger I, Hindmarsh-Walls R, Heenan PB, Ladley K. 2018. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 22. Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ. 82 p. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs22entire.pdf.
Attribution
Fact sheet prepared for NZPCN by P.J. de Lange 30 August 2006. Description adapted from Cooper (1956).
NZPCN Fact Sheet citation
Please cite as: de Lange, P.J. (Year at time of access): Pittosporum virgatum Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/pittosporum-virgatum/ (Date website was queried)