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  4. Azolla rubra

Azolla rubra

Azolla.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>.
cult.<br>Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Otago Peninsula.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Near Wairoa, East Coast.<br>Photographer: John Sawyer, Date taken: 01/11/2010, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Near Wairoa, East Coast.<br>Photographer: John Sawyer, Date taken: 01/11/2010, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Upper Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 22/10/2010, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Waingawa River, Wairarapa.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 30/09/2017, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
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Common name

Pacific azolla, azolla, red azolla

Synonyms

Azolla rubra R. Br.; Azolla filiculoides var. rubra (R.Br.) Strasb.; Azolla filiculoides Lam. auct. non. N.Z. authors

Family

Salviniaceae

Authority

Azolla rubra R.Br.

Flora category

Vascular – Native

Endemic taxon

No

Endemic genus

No

Endemic family

No

Structural class

Ferns

NVS code

The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.

AZOFIL

Chromosome number

2n = 44

Current conservation status

  • Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2017 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS). This report includes a statistical summary and brief notes on changes since 2012 and replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Authors: By Peter J. de Lange, Jeremy R. Rolfe, John W. Barkla, Shannel P. Courtney, Paul D. Champion, Leon R. Perrie, Sarah M. Beadel, Kerry A. Ford, Ilse Breitwieser, Ines Schönberger, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Peter B. Heenan and Kate Ladley.

2012 | Not Threatened

Previous conservation statuses

2009 | Not Threatened

2004 | Not Threatened

Distribution

Indigenous. New Zealand: Kermadec (Raoul Island), North and South Islands. Widespread throughout the Pacific extending into Asia and India.

Habitat

Coastal to lower montane. An aquatic plant frequenting shallow water bodies such as ponds, lake margins, dams and slow flowing streams. Also present in swamps on muddy ground. Occasionally establishing in cattle troughs. Azolla is most common in shallow eutrophic water bodies but it can also establish in more acidic wetland systems, where it is often a conspicuous plant of the lagg zone.

Features

Aquatic, floating, dark-red (when exposed) or glaucous-green plants, usually forming ovate to ovoid patches on the surface of water bodies. Branching irregular; roots peg-like, simple (not branched). Leaves triangular; apex rounded; margins membranous, translucent; surface smooth, bright red or glaucous-green. Microsporangiate massulae spherical, surface conspicuously barbed. Megasporocarps brown, partially obscured by leaf lobe

Similar taxa

Azolla pinnata which is presumably introduced in New Zealand (it could also have arrived naturally from Australia). Azolla pinnata is best distinguished from A. rubra by its pinnate rather than simple roots. Azolla pinnata is extremely invasive and has largely replaced A. rubra in Northland and Auckland.

Flowering

Not applicable - spore producing

Flower colours

No flowers

Fruiting

Not applicable - spore producing

Life cycle

Minute spores are dispersed by wind, water and attachment (Thorsen et al., 2009).

Propagation technique

Easily grown (too easily!) in a pond or slow flowing stream. Plants tend to spread by fragmentation. Tolerant of shade but flourishes best in full sun. Inclined to be aggressive, especially in eutrophic water. Due to the cyanobacteria found within the plant, Azolla plants are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Azolla is also an important food source for the tadpole phase of the introduced Australian frogs Litoria raniformis and L. aurea

Etymology

azolla: From the Greek azo ‘to dry’ and ollo ‘to kill’, killed by dryness

rubra: Red

Taxanomic notes

Azolla rubra has under gone a number of name changes over the last forty years. New Zealand plants have recently reverted back to A. rubra - for more information see Brownsey & Perrie (2013).

Attribution

Description prepared by P.J. de Lange (1 August 2009). Description based on live plant material and herbarium specimens

References and further reading

Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R. 2013: Azolla rubra revisited. New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 111: 6-7.

Thorsen, M. J.; Dickinson, K. J. M.; Seddon, P. J. 2009. Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2009 Vol. 11 No. 4 pp. 285-309

NZPCN Fact Sheet citation

Please cite as: de Lange, P.J. (Year at time of access): Azolla rubra Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/azolla-rubra/ (Date website was queried)

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