Azolla rubra
Common name
Pacific azolla, azolla, red azolla
Synonyms
Azolla rubra R. Br.; Azolla filiculoides var. rubra (R.Br.) Strasb.; Azolla filiculoides Lam. auct. non. N.Z. authors
Family
Salviniaceae
Flora category
Vascular – Native
Endemic taxon
No
Endemic genus
No
Endemic family
No
Structural class
Ferns
NVS code
The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.
AZOFIL
Chromosome number
2n = 44
Current conservation status
The threat classification status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2017 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website This report includes a statistical summary and brief notes on changes since 2012 and replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Authors: By Peter J. de Lange, Jeremy R. Rolfe, John W. Barkla, Shannel P. Courtney, Paul D. Champion, Leon R. Perrie, Sarah M. Beadel, Kerry A. Ford, Ilse Breitwieser, Ines Schönberger, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Peter B. Heenan and Kate Ladley. Please note, threat classifications are often suggested by authors when publications fall between NZTCS assessment periods – a suggested threat classification status has not been assessed by the NZTCS panel.
Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
2017 | Not Threatened | Qualifiers: SO
Previous conservation statuses
2012 | Not Threatened
2009 | Not Threatened
2004 | Not Threatened
Distribution
Indigenous. New Zealand: Kermadec (Raoul Island), North and South Islands. Widespread throughout the Pacific extending into Asia and India.
Habitat
Coastal to lower montane. An aquatic plant frequenting shallow water bodies such as ponds, lake margins, dams and slow flowing streams. Also present in swamps on muddy ground. Occasionally establishing in cattle troughs. Azolla is most common in shallow eutrophic water bodies but it can also establish in more acidic wetland systems, where it is often a conspicuous plant of the lagg zone.
Wetland plant indicator status rating
Information derived from the revised national wetland plant list prepared to assist councils in delineating and monitoring wetlands (Clarkson et al., 2021 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Contract Report LC3975 for Hawke’s Bay Regional Council). The national plant list categorises plants by the extent to which they are found in wetlands and not ‘drylands’. The indicator status ratings are OBL (obligate wetland), FACW (facultative wetland), FAC (facultative), FACU (facultative upland), and UPL (obligate upland).
OBL: Obligate Wetland
Almost always is a hydrophyte, rarely in uplands (non-wetlands).
Features
Aquatic, floating, dark-red (when exposed) or glaucous-green plants, usually forming ovate to ovoid patches on the surface of water bodies. Branching irregular; roots peg-like, simple (not branched). Leaves triangular; apex rounded; margins membranous, translucent; surface smooth, bright red or glaucous-green. Microsporangiate massulae spherical, surface conspicuously barbed. Megasporocarps brown, partially obscured by leaf lobe
Similar taxa
Azolla pinnata which is presumably introduced in New Zealand (it could also have arrived naturally from Australia). Azolla pinnata is best distinguished from A. rubra by its pinnate rather than simple roots. Azolla pinnata is extremely invasive and has largely replaced A. rubra in Northland and Auckland.
Flowering
Not applicable - spore producing
Flower colours
No flowers
Fruiting
Not applicable - spore producing
Life cycle
Minute spores are dispersed by wind, water and attachment (Thorsen et al., 2009).
Propagation technique
Easily grown (too easily!) in a pond or slow flowing stream. Plants tend to spread by fragmentation. Tolerant of shade but flourishes best in full sun. Inclined to be aggressive, especially in eutrophic water. Due to the cyanobacteria found within the plant, Azolla plants are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Azolla is also an important food source for the tadpole phase of the introduced Australian frogs Litoria raniformis and L. aurea
Etymology
azolla: From the Greek azo ‘to dry’ and ollo ‘to kill’, killed by dryness
rubra: Red
Taxanomic notes
Azolla rubra has under gone a number of name changes over the last forty years. New Zealand plants have recently reverted back to A. rubra - for more information see Brownsey & Perrie (2013).
Attribution
Description prepared by P.J. de Lange (1 August 2009). Description based on live plant material and herbarium specimens
References and further reading
Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R. 2013: Azolla rubra revisited. New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 111: 6-7.
Thorsen, M. J.; Dickinson, K. J. M.; Seddon, P. J. 2009. Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2009 Vol. 11 No. 4 pp. 285-309
NZPCN Fact Sheet citation
Please cite as: de Lange, P.J. (Year at time of access): Azolla rubra Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/azolla-rubra/ (Date website was queried)