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  4. Epilobium nummulariifolium

Epilobium nummulariifolium

Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 01/09/2011, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Dehiscing capsule. Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 23/11/2006, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Dehiscing capsule. Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 23/11/2006, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Dehisced capsule. Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 23/11/2006, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 18/11/2005, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 01/09/2011, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 01/09/2011, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 01/09/2011, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Stem hairs decurrent from petiole margins. Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 01/09/2011, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Seed capsules at various stages of development. Stokes Valley, Lower Hutt.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 24/02/2013, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
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Common names

creeping willowherb

Biostatus

Native – Endemic taxon

Category

Vascular

Structural class

Herbs - Dicotyledons other than Composites

Flower colours

White

Detailed description

Loosely matted, creeping perennial herb forming patches up to 1 m diameter; stems pale purplish, with strigulose hairs running down the lines decurrent from the margins of the petioles. Flowers arising individually from the leaf axils, the stems continuing to grow and root beyond the point where flowers are produced. Leaves opposite, membranous, yellowish-green, usually with red margins and 1-3(-4) inconspicuous lateral veins on either side of the midrib; lamina 3.0-13.0 × 3-11.0 mm, broadly ovate to oblate, obtuse or rounded at apex, rounded to truncate at base, margins remotely and shallowly serrulate with 2-11 teeth on either side; petiole distinct, 1-7 mm long. Flowers nodding, falling before full pedicel elongation is achieved. Ovaries densely grey-strigulose, 6-15-20 mm long, on a strigulose pedicel 7-35 mm long. Floral tube 0.4-1.1 mm deep, 0.6-11 mm diameter, sparsely strigulose without. Sepals not keeled, sparsely strigulose, 1.7-2.1 × 0.4-0.9 mm. Petals white, 1.9-3.4 × 1.7-2.1 mm, notch 0.6-0.8 mm deep. Anthers yellow, 0.5-0.6 × 0.3-0.4 mm, filaments of longer stamens 0.9-1.3 mm long, those of shorter 0.4-1.0 mm, both shedding pollen directly onto stigma at or before anthesis. Style white 1.0-1.5 mm long; stigma white, clavate, 1.0-1.8 × 0.5-0.7 mm, surrounded by anthers at anthesis. Capsule densely grey-strigulose, (10-)15-40 mm long, borne on a strigulose pedicel 23-130 mm long. Seeds brown, 0.7-1.0 × 0.2-0.4 mm, obovoid. minutely papillose; coma 4.0-5.5. mm long, readily detaching or persistent.

Similar taxa

Epilobium nummularifolium could be confused with E. brunnescens. Epilobium nummularifolium is best distinguished from E. brunnescens by the capsules which are copiously invested in grey-strigillose hairs rather than glabrate to sparsely hairy. However, the leaves are also very distinctive; those of E. nummularifolium are yellow-green usually with red-margins, broadly ovate to oblate and distinctly toothed, bearing 2-11 pairs of teeth on the leaf margins. The leaves of Epilobium nummularifolium are membranous, so they wilt readily on picking, whereas those of E. brunnescens are more fleshy so less inclined to wilt quickly. The leaves of Epilobium brunnescens are uniformly dark green, often tinged red or brown, ovate to broadly ovate and usually entire, though sometimes weakly toothed, and then bearing 1-2(-4) pairs of teeth on each margin. In Epilobium brunnescens the pedicel usually completes elongation before the flower drops off, whereas the flowers drop before pedicel elongation has completed in E. nummularifolium.

Distribution

Endemic. New Zealand. North Island (throughout), South Island (mostly in the eastern half), Chatham Islands. Also recorded from Sardinia, Europe

Habitat

Open disturbed ground in forest and grasslands from coastal situations to montane extending occasionally into subalpine habitats. This species is also a common plant of urban areas, wasteland, and plant nurseries where it can be an aggressive weed.

Current conservation status

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2023 | Not Threatened

Jump to previous conservation statuses

Detailed taxonomy

Genus

Epilobium

Family

Onagraceae

Authority

Epilobium nummulariifolium R.Cunn

Endemic taxon

Yes

Endemic genus

No

Endemic family

No

Ecology

Flowering

September to May

Fruiting

October to June

Propagation technique

Easily grown from seed and rooted pieces. Inclined to become weedy, often an aggressive pest plant in cultivation. A common ‘accidental’ weed transported in the soil beneath nursery raised plants.

Other information

Etymology

epilobium: From the Greek epi- ‘upon’ and lobos ‘a pod’, the flowers appearing to be growing on the seed pod.

nummulariifolium: Coin leaved

NVS code

The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.

EPINUM

Chromosome number

2n = 36

Previous conservation statuses

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2017 | Not Threatened

2012 | Not Threatened

2009 | Not Threatened

2004 | Not Threatened

Jump to current conservation status

Regional conservation statuses

Auckland: 2025 | Regionally Not Threatened | Qualifiers: DPS, DPT

The regional threat classification system leverages off the national assessments in the NZTCS, providing information relevant for the regional context. Auckland conservation status information is sourced from the “Conservation status of vascular plant species in Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland” Simpkins E et al. (2025) report.

Otago: 2025 | Regionally Not Threatened

The regional threat classification system leverages off the national assessments in the NZTCS, providing information relevant for the regional context. Otago conservation status information is sourced from the “Conservation Status of Indigenous Vascular Plants in Otago, 2025” Jarvie S et al. (2025) report.

Referencing and citations

References and further reading

Raven, P.H.; Raven, T.E. 1976: The genus Epilobium in Australasia. New Zealand DSIR Bulletin 216. Wellington, Government Printer.

Attribution

Fact sheet prepared for NZPCN by P.J. de Lange (30 December 2019). Description adapted from Raven & Raven (1976).

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