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  4. Pittosporum patulum

Pittosporum patulum

Leaf variation, herbarium voucher.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Pittosporum patulum.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
foliage. Cobb V., Kahurangi N.P.<br>Photographer: Mike Thorsen, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Immature fruit.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In cultivation (flowers).<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Cobb Valley, Kahurangi National Park.<br>Photographer: Simon Walls, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Pittosporum patulum adult - North Temple Valley.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Pittosporum patulum.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Culivation, Dunedin.<br>Photographer: Mike Thorsen, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Cultivated, Dunedin.<br>Photographer: Mike Thorsen, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Cultivated, Dunedin.<br>Photographer: Mike Thorsen, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Cultivated, Dunedin.<br>Photographer: Mike Thorsen, Licence: All rights reserved. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Dingleburn.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In cultivation (flowers).<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Capsules and seed, Dunedin Botanic Garden.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
South Temple Valley, immature fruit.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
South Temple Valley, adult tree.<br>Photographer: John Barkla, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Pittosporum patulum.<br>Photographer: Cathy Jones, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>.
Pittosporum patulum.<br>Photographer: A. J. Townsend, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Cobb Valley, Kahurangi National Park.<br>Photographer: Simon Walls, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Pittosporum patulum.<br>Photographer: A. J. Townsend, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Cobb Valley, Kahurangi National Park.<br>Photographer: Simon Walls, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
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Common names

pitpat

Biostatus

Native – Endemic taxon

Category

Vascular

Structural class

Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons

Simplified description

Small tree (tree sized individuals very rare) bearing brownish green leathery leaves that are deeply lobed on juveniles but become smooth as plant ages inhabiting South Island mountain valleys. Flowers reddish, on long stalks. Fruit a hard capsule, splitting into two to show the black seeds in a orange pith.

Flower colours

Red/Pink, Yellow

Detailed description

Gynodioecious tree up to 5 m tall. Trunk of juvenile and sub adults slender, becoming stouter in adults. Bark firm, pale-brown to grey-brown. Branches ascending to spreading, in juveniles absent or scarce until sub adult stage, becoming more frequent in plants bearing mature foliage; in either case branchlets marked by scars from fallen leaves. Shoots, emergent foliage and peduncles distinctly though sparsely puberulent; hairs fulvous. Leaves coriaceous, dark brown-green, chocolate-brown to dark-green, often blemished along margins with chocolate; juvenile leaves erecto patent, ascending, 30–60 × 5–8 mm, linear, lamina coarsely toothed, very rarely pinnatifid; leaves of sub adults similar but wider, with margins less deeply toothed, and never pinnatifid; adult foliage crowded toward branchlet ends; petioles stout, 5–15 mm long, lamina 40–50 × 10–20 mm, oblanceolate, narrow-obovate to obovate, rarely elliptic, margins entire, toothed or with fine teeth in upper ⅓, base attenuate, apex obtuse to subacute. Flowers in distinct, terminal, 4–8–10-flowered umbels, night-fragrant. Pedicels gracile, 10–20 mm long. Sepals 5, 3–6 mm long, narrow-ovate, acute, grey-green pilose hairy, becoming glabrescent. Petals 5, 6–8 mm, broadly lanceolate, apex obtuse to sub acute, recurving almost to base at anthesis, dark-red, pink, very rarely yellow. Male flowers with 5 functional stamens, anthers yellow, stigma rudimentary, rarely functional. Female flowers with 5 rudimentary stamens (often reduced to staminodes), stigma globose, functional. Capsules subglobose, 10 mm diameter, 2-valved, valves initially green, glabrescent, maturing grey-black to charcoal, woody. Mucilage dark orange to red. Seeds 5–8, irregular globose, black, surface glossy.

Similar taxa

Juvenile plants of Pittosporum patulum could be confused with juvenile pōkākā (Elaeocarpus hookerianus Raoul) and Aristotelia fruticosa Hook.f. Species from which P. patulum juvenile plants can be distinguished by their tall slender, scarcely branching growth form (divaricating in pōkākā and Aristotelia fruticosa), and dark brown-green to chocolate brown, deeply toothed, linear leaves (variable in shape and colour in pōkākā and Aristotelia fruticosa). Adult plants are very distinctive and could not easily be confused with anything else.

Distribution

Endemic. New Zealand: South Island (North-west Nelson, and from eastern Nelson south to the head of Lake Hawea).

Habitat

This is a species of subalpine scrub and canopy gaps in mountain beech forest. It often occurs in sites that have undergone disturbance (e.g., avalanche chutes, fire induced scrub, and river margins), although it is not always required for regeneration. Strongholds of adults occur in subalpine scrub that are recruiting without disturbance, and bluffs in beech forest are similarly little-disturbed.

Current conservation status

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2023 | Threatened – Nationally Endangered | Qualifiers: Sp, CD, DPT, De, PD, PF, RF

Jump to previous conservation statuses

Threats

Pittosporum patulum is palatable. Ungulates eat juvenile foliage, and possums eat both the juvenile and adult foliage and flowers. Rodents predate seed in litter beneath adult trees, and insect browse can deform new growth. Natural disturbance has eliminated some populations.

Detailed taxonomy

Family

Pittosporaceae

Authority

Pittosporum patulum Hook.f.

Synonyms

None

Endemic taxon

Yes

Endemic genus

No

Endemic family

No

Ecology

Flowering

Late spring – mid summer

Fruiting

No information

Propagation technique

Grows readily from cuttings and fresh seed, although sometimes seed germination can vary in this species from 1–3 years. An excellent specimen tree. Although it does well in a range of conditions itprefers a fertile, moist soil.

Other information

Plant of the Month

This plant has been featured as a Plant of the Month – see Trilepidea: NZPCN newsletter for March 2004 for the full story.

Etymology

pittosporum: Pitch seed

NVS code

The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.

PITPAT

Chromosome number

2n = 24

Previous conservation statuses

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2017 | Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable | Qualifiers: CD, PD, RF, Sp

2012 | Threatened – Nationally Endangered | Qualifiers: CD, RF, Sp

2009 | Threatened – Nationally Endangered | Qualifiers: CD, RF, Sp

2004 | Threatened – Nationally Endangered

Jump to current conservation status

Regional conservation statuses

The regional threat classification system leverages off the national assessments in the NZTCS, providing information relevant for the regional context. Otago conservation status information is sourced from the “Regional conservation status of indigenous vascular plants in Otago” Jarvie S et al. (2024) report.

Otago: 2024 | Threatened – Regionally Critical | Qualifiers: NR, Sp

Referencing and citations

References and further reading

Cooper RC. 1956. The Australian and New Zealand species of Pittosporum. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 43: 87–188. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26841965#page/95/mode/1up.

Townsend A. 1999. Pittosporum patulum recovery plan, 1999–2009. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 28. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/tsrp28.pdf.

Attribution

Fact sheet prepared for NZPCN by P.J. de Lange 30 August 2006. Description adapted from Cooper (1956).

NZPCN Fact Sheet citation

Please cite as: de Lange, P.J. (Year at time of access): Pittosporum patulum Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/pittosporum-patulum/ (Date website was queried)

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