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  4. Geranium solanderi

Geranium solanderi

Banks Peninsula.<br>Photographer: Melissa Hutchison, Date taken: 05/11/2022, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Banks Peninsula.<br>Photographer: Melissa Hutchison, Date taken: 25/10/2020, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Geranium solanderi.<br>Photographer: Peter J de Lange, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Geranium solanderi.<br>Photographer: Peter J de Lange, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Geranium solanderi.<br>Photographer: Peter J de Lange, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>.
Geranium solanderi.<br>Photographer: Bec Stanley, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0'>CC BY-SA</a>.
Geranium solanderi.<br>Photographer: Bec Stanley, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0'>CC BY-SA</a>.
Geranium solanderi.<br>Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In cultivation.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 11/10/2009, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In cultivation.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 11/10/2009, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In cultivation in the 1769 Garden - Waikereru Ecosanctuary, Tai Rawhiti / East Coast.<br>Photographer: Malcolm Rutherford, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
In cultivation.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 27/10/2023, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Banks Peninsula.<br>Photographer: Melissa Hutchison, Date taken: 25/10/2020, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Banks Peninsula.<br>Photographer: Melissa Hutchison, Date taken: 25/10/2020, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Banks Peninsula.<br>Photographer: Melissa Hutchison, Date taken: 25/10/2020, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Banks Peninsula.<br>Photographer: Melissa Hutchison, Date taken: 25/10/2020, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Banks Peninsula.<br>Photographer: Melissa Hutchison, Date taken: 21/08/2022, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0'>CC BY-NC</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Geranium solanderi fruit before (left) and after (right) dehiscence. the carpels open from base to apex, releasing a single seed from each carpel.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 20/12/2023, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
Geranium solanderi seed.<br>Photographer: Jeremy R. Rolfe, Date taken: 23/12/2023, Licence: <a target='_blank' href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'>CC BY</a>. <a class='member-message' href='/nzpcn/why-join-nzpcn/' target='_blank'>Members can view a larger version of this image.</a>
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Common names

Solander’s geranium, matua-kumara, huika

Biostatus

Native

Category

Vascular

Structural class

Herbs - Dicotyledons other than Composites

Flower colours

Violet/Purple

Detailed description

Perennial herb 0.12–1.0 m tall. Rootstock 2.4–19.1 mm diam., without fusiform roots. Stem erect to ascending, with straight, patent to retrorse, non-appressed, eglandular hairs 0.4–1.8 mm long. Basal leaves in a ± deciduous rosette; lamina 12–45 × 14–57 mm, polygonal in outline, cordate, palmatifid (divided for 0.5–0.8 of its length), pilose, with ± erect, eglandular hairs; segments 5–7, obtriangular, 2.2–6.8 mm at the base; petioles to 180 mm long, with patent, eglandular hairs 0.4–1.7 mm long; stipules 2.2–8 × 0.5–2.1 mm, with eglandular hairs on abaxial surface and on the margin, glabrous adaxially. Inflorescence 2-flowered cymules, solitary; peduncles (4)–40–(61) cm long, with patent to retrorse, not appressed, eglandular hairs 0.3–2.0 mm long; bracteoles 1.5–7.4 × 0.3–0.8 mm, lanceolate, with eglandular hairs on abaxial surface and on the margin, glabrous adaxially; pedicels 8–34 mm long, with patent to retrorse, not appressed, eglandular hairs 0.2–2.0 mm long; pedicel and peduncle together usually overtopping the subtending leaf. Sepals (3.2)–4.2–5.2–(6.3) × 1.6–2.7 mm, lanceolate, with scarious margins 0.1–0.2 mm wide, with eglandular hairs 0.1 mm long on the abaxial side (and eglandular hairs 0.4–1.8 mm long on the margin), glabrous adaxially. Petals (3)–6–(8.1) × 1.4–4.2 mm, entire, without claw, glabrous on both sides, ciliate on the basal margin, purplish. Filaments 2.4–4.5 mm long, yellowish, glabrous on both sides, ciliate on the basal margin, with hairs up to 0.1–0.3 mm long; anthers 0.4–0.8 × 0.2–0.7 mm, yellowish. Nectaries glabrous. Gynoecium 2.5–4.8 mm long, yellowish. Fruit 13.1–20.6 mm long; mericarps 2.2–3.2 ×1.1–1.8 mm, smooth, with erect-patent, eglandular hairs 0.1–1.5 mm long, usually blackish; rostrum 8.8–15.1 mm long, without a narrowed apex, with erect-patent, eglandular hairs 0.1–1.1 mm long; stigmatic remains (0.6)–1–1.4–(1.6) mm long, with 5 hairy lobes. Seeds 1.6–2.2 × 0.9–1.6 mm, reticulate.

Similar taxa

Most frequently confused with G. retrorsum DC. from which it differs by the long hairs of the petiole and pedicel being straight, patent or curved and retrorse but never appressed rather than distinctively retrorse and appressed, and by the dorsal alveolae of the seed being mostly 5–6- rather than 4–6-sided, and up to >0.1 mm rather than c. 0.1 mm diameter. The rootstock of G. retrorsum is often turnip-shaped, whereas in G. solanderi the root is more like a long tapering parsnip or carrot.

Distribution

Indigneous. North, South and Chatham Islands (including many northern offshore islands). Indigenous to Australia.

Habitat

Coastal to montane (0-600 m a.s.l.). Formerly widespread in short tussock grasslands, on lava fields, clay pans and on rocky coastal headlands.

Current conservation status

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2023 | At Risk – Declining | Qualifiers: DPR, DPS, DPT, SO

Jump to previous conservation statuses

Threats

It has declined from large parts of its former range due to rabbit browsing and the spread of taller, faster growing weeds. If these factors continue it may well qualify in the not too distant future as Threatened.

Detailed taxonomy

Genus

Geranium

Family

Geraniaceae

Authority

Geranium solanderi Carolin

Synonyms

Geranium dissectum var. pilosum Hook.f.; Geranium dissectum var. australe Benth.; Geranium carolinianum var. australe (Benth.) Fosberg; Geranium dissectum f. tasmanica Gand.; Geranium drummondii Carolin

Endemic taxon

No

Endemic genus

No

Endemic family

No

Ecology

Flowering

September–April

Fruiting

October–June

Life cycle and dispersal

Seed dispersed by wind, ballistic projection and possibly attachment (Thorsen et al., 2009).

Propagation technique

Easily grown from fresh seed. Thrives in a sunny, well drained soil in full sun. It can become invasive but is easily controlled. A very attractive plant well worth cultivating.

Other information

Etymology

geranium: From the Greek geranos ‘crane’, the fruit of the plant resembling the head and beak of this bird, hence the common name cranesbill.

solanderi: Named after Daniel Carlsson Solander (19 February 1733 - 13 May 1782) who was a Swedish naturalist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus.

NVS code

The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.

GERSOL

Chromosome number

2n = 52

Previous conservation statuses

The conservation status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2022-2023 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website. This report includes replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Previous assessments can be found here.

  • Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. 2024. Peter J. de Lange, Jane Gosden, Shannel P. Courtney, Alexander J. Fergus, John W. Barkla, Sarah M. Beadel, Paul D. Champion, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Troy Makan and Pascale Michel Department of Conservation. Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.

2017 | At Risk – Declining | Qualifiers: DP, SO

2012 | At Risk – Declining | Qualifiers: DP, SO

2009 | Not Threatened

2004 | Not Threatened

Jump to current conservation status

Regional conservation statuses

Auckland: 2025 | Threatened – Regionally Vulnerable | Qualifiers: DPR, DPS, DPT, PF, SO

The regional threat classification system leverages off the national assessments in the NZTCS, providing information relevant for the regional context. Auckland conservation status information is sourced from the “Conservation status of vascular plant species in Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland” Simpkins E et al. (2025) report.

Referencing and citations

References and further reading

Aedo C, Fiz O, Alarcón ML, Navarro C, Aldasoro JJ. 2005. Taxonomic revision of Geranium sect. Dissecta (Geraniaceae). Systematic Botany 30: 533–558.

Thorsen MJ, Dickinson KJM, Seddon PJ. 2009. Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 11: 285–309.

Attribution

Fact Sheet prepared by P.J. de Lange (14 April 2008). Description adapted from Aedo et al. (2005), supplemented with observations based on fresh and cultivated specimens.

NZPCN Fact Sheet citation

Please cite as: de Lange, P.J. (Year at time of access): Geranium solanderi Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/geranium-solanderi/ (Date website was queried)

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