Carmichaelia arborea
Common name
South Island broom, tree broom, swamp broom
Synonyms
Carmichaelia grandiflora var. alba Kirk; Carmichaelia grandiflora var. dumosa Kirk; Lotus arboreus G.Forst.; Carmichaelia australis var. grandiflora Hook.f.; Carmichaelia grandiflora (Hook.f.) Hook.f.;
Family
Fabaceae
Flora category
Vascular – Native
Endemic taxon
Yes
Endemic genus
No
Endemic family
No
Structural class
Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons
NVS code
The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database.
CARARB
Chromosome number
2n = 32
Current conservation status
The threat classification status of all known New Zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2017 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) – more information about this can be found on the NZTCS website This report includes a statistical summary and brief notes on changes since 2012 and replaces all previous NZTCS lists for vascular plants. Authors: By Peter J. de Lange, Jeremy R. Rolfe, John W. Barkla, Shannel P. Courtney, Paul D. Champion, Leon R. Perrie, Sarah M. Beadel, Kerry A. Ford, Ilse Breitwieser, Ines Schönberger, Rowan Hindmarsh-Walls, Peter B. Heenan and Kate Ladley. Please note, threat classifications are often suggested by authors when publications fall between NZTCS assessment periods – a suggested threat classification status has not been assessed by the NZTCS panel.
Source: NZTCS and licensed by DOC for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
2017 | Not Threatened
Previous conservation statuses
2012 | Not Threatened
2009 | Not Threatened
2004 | Not Threatened
Brief description
Shrub with many erect green branches inhabiting wetter South Island mountains. Branches green, grooved, oval in cross section. Leaves small, distributed along branches, consisting of 1-5 leaflets. Flowers small, pea-like, white sometimes with a purplish centre, in erect clusters. Fruit in a small dry pod, seed flattened.
Distribution
Endemic. New Zealand: South Island (west of the Main Divide in Westland, Canterbury, Otago, and Southland; uncommon to the east of the Main Divide in Canterbury
Habitat
Lowland to montane. Inhabiting glacial moraine, river terraces, subalpine scrub, rock outcrops and cliffs, forest margins, and recently disturbed ground.
Wetland plant indicator status rating
Information derived from the revised national wetland plant list prepared to assist councils in delineating and monitoring wetlands (Clarkson et al., 2021 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Contract Report LC3975 for Hawke’s Bay Regional Council). The national plant list categorises plants by the extent to which they are found in wetlands and not ‘drylands’. The indicator status ratings are OBL (obligate wetland), FACW (facultative wetland), FAC (facultative), FACU (facultative upland), and UPL (obligate upland). If you have suggestions for the Wetland Indicator Status Rating, please contact: [Enable JavaScript to view protected content]
FACU: Facultative Upland
Occasionally is a hydrophyte but usually occurs in uplands (non-wetlands).
Features
Shrub, up to 2 × 2 m; sometimes suckering and forming broad patches up to 1 m tall. Branches up to 80 mm diameter, stout, ascending and spreading. Cladodes 70.0-150.0 × 1.5-3.0 mm, erect to spreading, sometimes drooping, rarely divaricate, linear, striate, compressed, green to dark green, sometimes hairy when young, glabrous when mature, apex obtuse; leaf nodes 4-11. Leaves 1-5-foliolate, present on seedlings and on adult plants, terminal leaflet larger; lamina 2.0-7.0 × 1.5 mm, obovate, broad-obovate to broad-elliptic, fleshy, green, upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrescent, apex emarginate, base cuneate; petiole 7-11 mm long, glabrous except for a tuft of hairs at petiolule base, green; petiolule < 0.5 mm long, glabrous, light green. Leaves on cladodes reduced to scales, < 0.8 mm long, broad-triangular, glabrous, apex subacute. Stipules 0.9-1.3 × 1.0-1.4 mm, free, triangular, glabrous, apex subacute with a tuft of hairs, margin hairy. Inflorescence a raceme, 1 per node, each with 5-10 flowers clustered on upper third of raceme. Peduncle c.8 mm long, glabrous, green. Bracts < 1 mm long, triangular, pale brown, upper surface hairy, lower surface glabrous, apex acute to subacute, margin hairy. Pedicel 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous, green. Bracteoles < 0.5 mm long, on upper part of pedicel or on receptacle, pale brown, upper surface hairy, lower surface glabrous, apex subacute to obtuse and with tuft of hairs. Calyx 3.0-3.5 × 2.0-2.5 mm, campanulate, green, outer surface glabrous. Calyx lobes 0.5-1.0 mm long, triangular, inner surface hairy, appressed to corolla, apex acute. Standard 6.0-6.5 x 7.0-8.0 mm, broad-obovate, patent, positioned towards front of keel, keeled, apex retuse or obtuse with an apiculate tip; white or with a pale central blotch, veins sometimes weakly flushed red-purple; claw c.1 mm long, pale green. Wings 6.0-7.0 x 1.5-2.0 mm, oblong, longer than keel, white, apex obtuse; auricle 0.2-0.3 mm long, triangular; claw 1.8-2.0 mm long, pale green. Keel 5.0-6.0 × 1.5-1.8 mm, white, apex obtuse; auricle 0.3-0.5 mm long, triangular, white; claw 2-2.5 mm long, pale green. Stamens 4.5-5.0 mm long; dorsal filaments connate for c. ¾ of length, outer stamens free for c.0.8 mm. Pistil 5-6 mm long, exserted beyond stamens, glabrous; ovules 8-11; stigma with a ring of hairs at base. Pods 7.0-15.0 × 2.7-4.5 mm, oblong or broad-oblong, laterally compressed, erect, light grey or pale brown, both valves dehiscent at distal end; beak 2.0-2.5 mm long, in a central apical position, stout, pungent tipped. Seeds 1-3 per pod, 2.0-3.7 × 1.6-2.4 mm, broad-oblong to broad-elliptic, light brown or tan.
Similar taxa
Carmichaelia arborea is allied to C. odorata Benth. from which it is distinguished by the shorter peduncle and rachis, fewer, larger, mostly white flowers, with keels 5-6 mm long (cf. 3.5-4.0 mm long), and larger pods.
Flowering
December - March
Flower colours
Violet/Purple, White
Fruiting
January - December
Life cycle
Seeds are possibly dispersed by wind and granivory (Thorsen et al., 2009).
Propagation technique
Easily grown from seed and hardwood cuttings.
Etymology
carmichaelia: After Carmichael, a botanist
arborea: From the Latin arbor ‘tree’, meaning tree-like
Attribution
Description from Heenan (1996)
References and further reading
Heenan, P.B. 1996: A taxonomic revision of Carmichaelia (Fabaceae - Galegeae) in New Zealand (part II). New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 157-177
Thorsen, M. J.; Dickinson, K. J. M.; Seddon, P. J. 2009. Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2009 Vol. 11 No. 4 pp. 285-309